Use base/log.h instead of deprecated base/printf.h

- Remove use of PLOG, PINF, PWRN, PERR, and printf.
  Only a single use of printf in fesrv remains for now.
- Whitespace and style fixes
- Fix build of server/synergy_input
- Add missing include of base/heap.h (previously, this header
  was implicitly included by root/component.h)

doc/numptyphysics.txt

@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ Just add the following two lines to hold the program when the second
 message appears:
 
 ! if (strcmp("basic_string::substr", s) == 0) {
-!   PERR("stop!");
+!   Genode::error("stop!");
 !   for (;;);
 ! }
 
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ in a new _getenv.cc_ file that we link to the target:
 
 ! extern "C" char *getenv(const char *name)
 ! {
-!   PINF("environment variable \"%s\" requested", name);
+!   Genode::log("environment variable \"", name, "\" requested");
 !   return (char *)"";
 ! };